GASTRO ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GASTRO ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE - Essay Example GERD is a hazard factor for Barrett’s esophageal (BE), which likewise inclines patients to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patients determined to have GERD require proton siphon inhibitors treatment as an instrument to forestall the event of BE and EAC. This paper is an exploration of the current investigations on GERD and a survey of a contextual analysis for a youngster experiencing GERD. Contextual investigation The contextual analysis is of a multi year old kid who experienced cerebral pains and neck torment. The kid had begun grumbling of the agony four years before the mother counseled a chiropractic specialist. The kid had created torment subsequent to riding in a â€Å"dodge ‘em† vehicle. A crisis stop intensified the torment, which constrained the mother to look for clinical help. The seriousness of the neck torment had decreased before interview, yet the force of cerebral pains had stayed steady. Different side effects included episodes of wooziness and sickness brought about by neck revolution, substantial queasiness toward the beginning of the day, and serious neck agony and spewing after dinners. The youngster likewise experienced stomach torment over the stomach, repeating bronchitis and headache because of the family ancestry. The specialist played out a physical assessment that demonstrated typical development and improvement. Neurological, stomach, cardiovascular, and respiratory assessments didn't show anomalous discoveries. Limitations on segmental movement on upper cervical spine and sacral brokenness were seen after a chiropractic spinal assessment. The specialist additionally watched Shimizu reflex on the upper right hand side showing an upper cervical issue (Jonasson, and Knaap, 2006). Utilizing the above data, the specialist made a conclusion of cervicogenic migraine and stomach torment. The specialist accepted the torment had a somatovisceral birthplace. The analyzed issue was accepted to be because of upper cervica l complex subluxation and milk hypersensitivity. The specialist proposed treatment including a blend of chiropractic control of upper cervical unpredictable and cranial treatment. This prompted a brief decrease in migraines and unaltered stomach torment. The mother looked for another feeling from a youngsters specialist after seven medicines. The subsequent conference uncovered customary colic, consistent reflux, and intermittent spewing forth of undigested food. These indications exasperated when the kid accepted a prostrate stance. Stomach torment on the stomach and lower chest caused the specialist to change the underlying conclusion to GERD. The patient was alluded to his general expert for GERD treatment and follow-up contacts uncovered that the condition had improved tremendously (Jonasson, and Knaap, 2006). Ebb and flow Research History of the illness The predominance of the infection has expanded worldwide because of rising corpulence and medications that influence LES capac ities. Studies have demonstrated that around 33% of the US populace gripe of GERD side effects month to month (Narmeen and Woodward, 2013). Ladies have a higher pace of encountering GERD indications than men. Western nations have a high pervasiveness running from 38 percent in Northern Europe to 9 percent in Italy. Yearly, more than 100 million proton siphon inhibitors are endorsed to GERD patients in the western world. The high predominance in western nations can be ascribed to way of life, which is a significant inclining factor. The condition is an inclining factor for esophageal malignant growth, which influences around 400, 000 individuals around the world (Vats et al, 2006). Patients experience loss of craving and harms to the lungs, throat, and ears because of overabundance

Mothers and Daughters in The Joy Luck Club Essay Example

Moms and Daughters in The Joy Luck Club Essay Mother-little girl connections are frequently mind boggling. In The Joy Luck Club, creator Amy Tan communicates the mother-little girl relationship through four ladies and their little girls who relocate to America from China. The ladies were looking for better lives then what they had in China. The moms and their girls didn't generally agree however toward the end the little girls began to understand that their moms simply needed the best for them. As the little girls are growing up, the contention between them increments. Suyuan Woo began the Joy Luck Club when she left China. She began the club as a break that her and different ladies experienced. When Suyuan was in China she had twin young ladies however needed to desert them, she got remarried and brought up a little girl, Jing-Mei in America. Suyuan and her girl Jing-Mei shared an extraordinary bond that numerous didn’t comprehend. She would disclose to her little girl various tales about her twins, yet Jing-Mei couldn't be sure whether her mom was coming clean. â€Å"I never thought my mother’s Kweilin story was definitely not a Chinese fantasy. The completion consistently changed,† Jing-Mei would state (Pg. 25). Jing-Mei before long discovers that the narratives her mom been telling are genuine, they were accounts of her life. The more she found out about her mom past stories from China she began to have regard for her mom. When she began confronting difficulties of her own, she can accept her mother guidance into thought. J ing-Mei needed to locate her own personality without her mom and still please her yet all Suyuan needed was her girl to be a virtuoso. Suyuan needed only the best for her girl, she trusted that one day Jing-Mei would turn into a remarkable musician. Despite the fact that Jing-Mei played the piano, she never thought she was adequate for her mother’s standard so she never gave it her everything. Be that as it may, she quits playing the piano â€Å"I must be me,† (pg.154). She couldn’t be consistent with herself; she couldn’t live up We will compose a custom article test on Mothers and Daughters in The Joy Luck Club explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Mothers and Daughters in The Joy Luck Club explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Mothers and Daughters in The Joy Luck Club explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

Fall 2016 New Student Series Part 3 Bobby Eric Musah COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2016 New Student Series Part 3 Bobby Eric Musah COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Today is our third  edition of this years e-introduction series. Say hello to Bobby Eric Musah. Bobby  is from Monrovia, Liberia  and  is the Director for Economic Policy Unit  with the Department of Economic Management at the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. Hes attending SIPA to learn more sustainable development so hell be better prepared to adjust  his career path and  ultimately  become a stronger professional in the field. Full Name: Bobby Eric Musah Age: 34 Degree Program: MPA in Development Practice Anticipated Graduation Year: Spring 2018 Hometown: Monrovia, Montserrado,  Liberia Undergraduate University: African Methodist Episcopal University, Liberia Undergraduate Major: Accounting and Economics Undergraduate Graduation Year: 2006 What’s your professional background? I am currently the Director for Economic Policy Unit with the Department of Economic Management at the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. I have been in the public service since 2006, rising from a mere bookkeeper position, to analyst, to senior financial analyst, to principal analyst, then onto being an economist before becoming a Director. Within the interval of time, I have held these technical positions in various departments at the Ministry; including the erstwhile Bureau of General Accounting, the Office of the Comptroller Accountant General, the Department of Expenditure Debt Management, the Department of Administration and the Department of Economic Management. Off my duty, I once served as a fiscal budget preparation consultant for the Ministry of Public Works during Fiscal year 2008/09. I also served as a part-time lecturer for the Investment portfolio analysis undergraduate course at the African Methodist Episcopal University in Liberia. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? Coming to SIPA, my ambition is exactly in two folds. One is to change career and the latter is to augment my existing expertize in policy analyses. I have realized that the world’s ambition to ending extreme poverty cannot be realize unless we champion the desire to make it work by engaging in sustainability studies of our economic development, social inclusion and our environment. Because of this, I have change gear! The task that I usually perform relates to policy analyzes, it is important to note that keeping up to date on issues that matters is relevant for decision making; so I need to enhance and upgrade my skills and expertise to suit current realities. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? I had like to make an open confession that once you apply to SIPA you never keep your eyes off the internet, just trying to get a pop notification from your computer regarding any status sent by the Office of Admissions and financial aid. It took me approximately a year back and forth, from the first time I contacted the school up to the day I got my admission decision. Applying to SIPA is intensive but rewarding if you are prepared. When I got the news, I knew from that very moment my transformation has finally come and my future joy will definitely be the outcome of my struggling past. It is fantastic when your admission decision is positive, you will see the e-letter on the Welcome portal with fabulous balloons and ribbons floating all over the page. This innovation is incredible! Why did you say yes to SIPA? I said “yes” to SIPA because of three interconnected reasons; the diversity, reputation and solutions to real world problems. The fact that SIPA is the most global public policy school in the world; it is both an academic and career advantage to be a product of that community. What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? Taking a close look at the recent 2016 review of SIPA applications window posted on the MIA/MPA student blog few months ago, you see clearly that the global community rests at the heart of Columbia University. It means I am looking forward to networking for the future and to expand knowledge sharing for the benefit of mankind as well as the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), for which my country has a huge capacity gap need. I am also looking forward to network with other ivy league colleagues from Harvard, Yale, Princeton even Oxford and Cambridge University in the UK. Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? Yes, I do have! When you think about the time, resources and efforts put into the application and attending serious graduate school, it is so enormous. The truth is that it is worth the cost when the outcome suits your energy and zest used in the process. Attending graduate schools are indeed expensive and funding is scarce; but attending the right one will yield the desire positive expected return in the long-run. What are your goals after SIPA? I expressly so desire to be a lead policy expert on sustainable development issues. With the knowledge obtained from my graduate studies at Columbia University SIPA, I will be able to help drive the positive change the world desires; at the same time help to proffer better policies that will improve the living standard of the poor, disadvantaged and unfairly marginalized people. Perhaps, I wish to become an international civil servant, helping the fight against poverty. I will endeavor to build a team of development experts through knowledge sharing and capacity development. I will extend my expertise to schools, institutions of higher learning and Governments. [Photo courtesy of Bobby Eric Musah | A pictorial with Noble Laureate Professor Joseph Stiglitz at the side meeting on “Unlocking public and private capital for Africa Infrastructure” at the Global Conference on Financing for Development(FfD3) in July 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.] If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? In my community, country and the world, I would not only change one thing but I will advance positive transformation for that thing. Conclusively, I will change poverty and turn it into prosperity. Tell us something interesting about yourself: Honestly, I am from a poor and humble background, so I have serious ambition of helping the fight against poverty through education. I am currently the Director for Economic Policy Unit within the Department of Economic Management; the nodal Department at the Ministry of Finance Development Planning which is responsible for the formulation and monitoring of economic policies for the Government of Liberia. I serve as the department focal person on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as Co-Chair for the steering committee on the National Human Development Report (NHDR) of 2015 in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Within the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ), I serve as the Ministry’s focal person on the Technical Committee of experts on the macroeconomic and monetary convergence. By profession I am a Financial Economist. I obtained my Masters of Science degree with honor from the Bristol Business School in the United Kingdom specializin g in empirical finance. I also have a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the African Methodist Episcopal University in Liberia. My technical skills are noticeable in areas of economic analyses and report writing, growth model, financial programming, debt and money market operations, investment project appraisals, risk management, public finance issues, and econometric modeling for monetary policy analysis ,having attended short-term specialized courses at various renowned training institutions globally; including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Institute and the IMF Research Department in the USA, Duke University in the USA, Crown Agents International in the UK, and the West African Institute for Financial and Economic Management(WAIFEM) in Nigeria. I have also attended technical experts meetings globally; including South Africa, Algeria, Ethiopia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Ivory Coast, etc. In addition, I have held several positions at the Ministry since I joined the cohort in 2005; rising from a mere Bookkeeper position to Financial Analyst, then onwards to being the Assistant Director for Financial Reporting Unit in the Office of the Comptroller Accountant General in 2008. While serving in that capacity I introduced a multi-layer reporting template for cash expenditure report to include Forex transactions and bank reversals tracking. A report which is still widely use today by the International Monetary Fund as part of the country’s Extended Credit Facilities (ECF) conditionality. Having demonstrated exceptional professionalism and commitment, I was promoted to the position of Principal Financial Analyst assigned to the Office of the Deputy Minister for Expenditure Debt Management. My role included preparation, analysis and implementation of the national budget of the Government of Liberia. During my tenure, I developed templates used in monthly reporting on budge tary expenditures for line Ministries, Agencies and Commissions. I Monitors cash balances at the Central Bank of Liberia and compiled expenditure reports for fiscal policy decision making. My participation in internal and external Debt relief analysis helped Liberia to reaching the HIPC point for debt waiver and cancellation. I also served as Economist for Macroeconomic Analysis and Forecasting Section at the Macro-Fiscal Analysis Unit. While serving in that capacity, I was one of the fresh brains behind the introduction of the Annual Economic Review (AER) for Liberia in 2012. The last time such a report was ever produce for Liberia was 1976. The AER research report critically analyses the real, external, fiscal and monetary sectors of the economy as well as defining social dimension and its existence during a given year. The AER since 2012 is now used by donors and other stakeholders as trigger for budget supports and other in- kind gesture. Regarding my extra activities, I enjoy basketball, soccer and parties. Share your story by completing  the New Student Self-Interview Form  today!

John Milton Demand The Freedom Of The Press - 1547 Words

In Areopagitica John Milton demand the freedom of the press, actually the freedom of the author. He made the following demand: â€Å"Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.† This issue was personal for Milton, as he had suffered censorship himself in his efforts to publish several tracts defending divorce. Areopagitica is full of divine and classical references which Milton uses to strengthen his argument. This is particularly fitting because it was being addressed to the Calvinist Presbyterians who comprised Parliament at that time. The Areopagitica was an attack directed against the Licensing Order Act of 1643, which demanded that an author s work be approved by the government†¦show more content†¦He resisted this incorporates even the awful or blasphemous books, since we can earn from their wrongs and find what is valid by considering what is not valid. Milton s point is that God supplied each individ ual with the reason, through and through freedom, and inner voice to judge thoughts for themselves, so the thoughts in a content ought to be dismissed by the author’s own decision, not by a permitting expert. Additionally, the soul is not defiled just by experiencing deception. Milton brings up that experiencing deception can really prompt righteous activity, for example, how St. Paul s believers had secretly and intentionally consumed Ephesian books thought to be magick. Milton at that point contends that Parliament s authorizing request will flop in its motivation to smother shameful, dissident, and derogatory books: this request of permitting conduces nothing to the end for which it was fram d. The request was intended to redress conduct by keeping the spread of a disease caused by terrible books. Milton objects, contending that the authorizing request is excessively clearing, on the grounds that even the Bible itself had been verifiably restricted to perusers for containi ng hostile portrayals of disrespect and evil men. Milton additionally calls attention to that Parliament won t shield the oblivious from terrible books by this Order, on theShow MoreRelatedA Speech For The Liberty Of Unlicensed Printing By John Milton1302 Words   |  6 Pages Unlicensed Printing’ was written by John Milton in which he argued against censorship and defended free speech and freedom of the press. John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He was born in Bread Street, London on 9 December 1608. He was known best for his epic poem Paradise Lost. Milton s verse and writing reflect deep individual feelings, a passion for freedom and self-assurance, and the importantRead MoreMedia Studies1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Marxist and liberal-pluralist perspectives. Simply, Marxist theorists see the role of the mass media as a means of maintaining the existing state of affairs, wh ile the liberal pluralists see the role of the mass media as a means to promote the freedom of speech. The following essay will look more closely into the theories of these two schools with regards to how they see the role of the media in society, and offer some examples related to media in South Africa and globally. According to theRead MoreA Reflection On Government And Its Role On Markets And The Economy986 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket and individual stakeholders. The authors detail the different economic theories, including Keynesian and Marxian, and how these theories relate to the overall political economy. Several themes that are expressed include capitalism and socialism, demand, regulation, productivity, property rights, and monopolies, among others. The central theme is the emergence of a â€Å"new political economy,† which is a hybrid of a political economy and economics (Gamble, 1995, p. 518; Caporaso Levine, 1992). TheRead MoreWinners and Losers in a Consumer Society Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pages This theory is not only based on peoples`   financial capabilities and social status, but   there are also a number of factors that have to be taken into consideration. Then it goes on further, as the modern society offers people more choices and freedoms, in relation to those who can access low credit debts  that banks offer, as well as the ability to access modern transportation. For example, by owning a car  many can access more shopping areas such as retail parks. As a whole, the seduced group areRead MoreDo you agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) claim that :  « the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits  » ?2913 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Do you agree with Milton Friedman’s (1970) claim that  :  «Ã‚  the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits  Ã‚ »Ã‚  ? Milton Friedman was an American economist, statistician and writer, who had a massive impact on the research agenda of the economics profession. His famous words â€Å"the only responsibility of business is to increase its profits† (Friedman, Milton. 1970) led to many controversial debates on whether businesses should have ethics or if profit should be their main  goal. CorporateRead MoreBusiness communication between Australia and China1383 Words   |  6 Pageshierarchical. They comply with the role of society and respect the higher rank person. Besides, they tend to form a long-term relationship. In contrast, people, like Australian, are from the low power distance country which means they care more about freedom, individual and also do not care too much about the social ranks. According to the different culture between Chinese and Australia, this report focus on two recommendations, which related to the power distance and long-term orientation, to minimizeRead MoreThe Monetary System During 1690 Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagespaper money resulting in inflation and in turn would make the bills worthless because of the loss of commodity backing. (Philadelphiafed.org). In 1739 counterfeiting became an issue and Benjamin Franklin would offer a solution. He used his printing press to produce unique patterns and effect to the bills. (Uscurrency.gov). However, in 1764 the British ordered ban on paper money in the colonies. 1775 thru 1791 are crucial in understanding how our monetary system formed. The Revolutionary War was extremelyRead MoreHistory : Monetary System And Its Future Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagespaper money resulting in inflation and in turn would make the bills worthless because of the loss of commodity backing. (Philadelphiafed.org). In 1739 counterfeiting became an issue and Benjamin Franklin would offer a solution. He used his printing press to produce unique patterns and effect to the bills. (Uscurrency.gov). However, in 1764 the British ordered ban on paper money in the colonies. 1775 thru 1791 are crucial in understanding how our monetary system formed. The Revolutionary War was extremelyRead MoreThe Morality of Capitalism2662 Words   |  11 Pagesbonds and should not be confused with personal property. Personal property consists of non-productive items like cars, clothes, and houses (Bishop 2000, 4). The free market in capitalism is one where supply and demand are able to operate without government regulation. Suppliers have the freedom to control things such as wages and prices and consumers are allowed to purchase whatever they desire (Smith 1993, 68). Also, all relationships are voluntary in a capitalist society. People are able to base theirRead More The Multivisions of Multiculturalism Essay3327 Wo rds   |  14 Pagesin a multicultural world in order to illuminate what we should do. This framework will reject both the idea of toleration as found in Berlin’s conception of human choice and will speak of as maximal multiculturalism, an orientation that is found in John Milton’s idea of truth as variegated and that sees multiculturalism as a great good. These views are plagued by at least three paradoxes that are really inconsistencies. In their place I develop the idea of a mitigated multiculturalism based on fear

Human Rights Law Course Work - 2128 Words

Human Rights Law Course Work 1.0 Introduction The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Convention’) stands as the world’s most successful legal instrument and foundation for international legal process in the protection of Human Rights. Drafted two months after the founding of the Council of Europe, in the aftermath of the atrocities of World War II, it was fundamental to the future and stability of the region to introduce Human Rights in a document able to bring peace, unity and accountability. This was articulated at the conference of the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity where the delegates stated: We desire a Charter of Human Rights guaranteeing liberty of thought, assembly and expression as well as the right to form political opposition; we desire a Court of Justice with adequate sanctions for the implementation of this charter. The subject of this paper is on Article 3 of the Convention, a ‘cardinal axiom’ of International Human Rights Law, in the sense that it provides the absolute and non-derogable right, which states ‘no one shall be subject to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’. The prohibition of torture goes far beyond just written international law and has also been manifested as jus cogens and acknowledged as a fundamental peremptory norm of general international law. The absolute nature of this right is however not an expressShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights : Universal And Inalienable Rights919 Words   |  4 Pagesthat all humans are entitled to universal and inalienable rights. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 1 best, explains what universal human rights are by stating that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity rights. (Articles of the UN Universal Declaration, International Law: United for Human Rights.) , and while all persons are entitled to these rights there are many throughout out the world who are suffering due to the fact their human rights are beingRead MorePlanning Team Will Be Made Up Of David E Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesKarban will be representing the Advocates for Human Rights, Ms. Bettis-Eddie will be representing the community, and Ms. Redrick will be representing our University sponsors. The planning team will also include a legal counsel, a chief financial officer, and police envoy to aid in security for the event. Program Description and Target Audience As previously stated, this program is a dual learning program targeting asylum seeking immigrants and recent law school graduates. 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The annual Law Review Symposium is always a major event, and the keynote speaker will be the Hon. Tom Hardiman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Judge Hardiman is a great supporter of our students and has hired clerks from NDLS. On November 21,Read MoreMedia Law in Australia1303 Words   |  5 PagesMedia Law in Australia Objective The objective of this work in writing is to examine media law in Australia and to answer the question of whether journalists should receive protection against revealing their sources in court. This work will discuss the merits of each side of the argument. Introduction Journalists are reported to be susceptible to being jailed for refusing to reveal their sources in court while simultaneously, journalist complain they are denied access to information, particularlyRead MoreLaw Personal Statement797 Words   |  4 PagesLaw has always been of great interest to me. My curiosity of the subject stems from younger years which consisted of frequent visits to the Courthouse in Dublin to see my Uncle and Aunt, a barrister and high court judge respectively, in action. Since then I have felt drawn to a life of in the legal system. Information I received at a careers open day I attended in fifth year outlined the new skills I would acquire and vast career opportunities available following a degree in law. This confirmed forRead MoreEssay on Becoming A Lawyer1750 Words   |  7 Pagessteps in order to be on the right path in order to become a lawyer. While attaining a degree in your undergraduate studies, you must select a major that will be of some assistance and relevance to your particular law career. For example, if you want to be a corporate lawyer, you should major in business or if you want to be a judge, you should major in political science. After attaining your degree in your chosen major, you must attend law school. American Law schools are very expensive,Read MoreThe Problem Of Police Enforcement1149 Words   |  5 Pagesscrutiny throughout the course of United States history – most exclusively the past decade. As a country, we categorize law enforcement in two distinct categories: brutal or helpful; we fail to consider similarities between the two categories, and we ultimately fail to classify law enforcement as humans. The philosophy of establishing a distinct code of law dates back to the genesis of America. The constitution established three branches of government that parallels the law code – legislative, executiveRead MoreImpact Of Public Health Of Domestic Violence847 Words   |  4 Pagesviolence against women also has a high economic cost in this country. The consequence of implemented laws as Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) in 1994 does not reduce the domestic violence issues in the recent studies. The analysis of the the domestic violence policy has improved the program developments, enforced the criminal justice sentences, and designed the new guidelines in federal laws. Historically, in the federal level, Congress signed the Crime Bill, enacted legislation empowering theRead MoreEssay about Elements of a Common Ethics Program, A List of Elements794 Words   |  4 Pagesactions. Never make false or lying statements to anyone. 2) Integrity- Make sure to do the right ethically and legally. 3) Fairness- This company has an anti-bullying code of ethics. We do not allow anyone to intimidate or threaten anyone. 4) Communication- As any company we work as a team. Follow the ethics program as it describes ways to act, from reaching out to your supervisor or using the company’s human resource department. This ethics program is to be followed and obligatory for all employees

Sura light Free Essays

Light Sura The Sura I have chosen to analyse for my assignment is the ‘Light Sura’. The reason I chose this Sura is that it deals with many social issues that are still very evident in Islamic life today. It gives a very detailed view of what God expected of its followers throughout the Sura and what punishment would be handed to them if they did something unwilling to Gods orders. We will write a custom essay sample on Sura light or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the Sura a strong message is sent to the believers of Islam. A woman is used as an example of someone who has sinned n a terrible and unlawful way and this is described throughout the text. In my analysis of the Sura I am going to use key verses that give a clear indication of what the passage is about and what clear messages is sent down from god. This is a medinan Sura that relates to the social values in the Islamic world. One of the main themes of this Sura is evolved around many regulations and laws of the Muslim community such as, marriage, obedience, modesty and the main on which is highlighted throughout this passage adultery. Muhammad’s wife Aisha was falsely ccused of adultery which was associated as a huge crime in the Islamic world. Punishment was very harsh on anyone found guilty of these crimes, however these strict ways also sent a message to the Islamic community that believers should never step out of line. This is clearly highlighted in verse 24:2, â€Å"The adulterer and the adulteress scourge ye each one of them (with) a hundred stripes. And let not pity for the twain withhold you from obedience to Allah, if ye believe in Allah and the Last Day. And let a party of believers witness their punishmentl†. I think this punishment uggests that everyone is equal in the eyes of Allah and although Aisha is an honourable woman and Muhammad’s wife, she is still punished the same. It is important in the eyes of Allah and the prophets that women are honourable and they are making an example of it in this Sura. It’s very clear that this Sura focuses on the social values in the community and another example of this is shown in verse 24:32, â€Å"Marry off the single among you and those of your male and female slaves who are (fit for marriage). If they are poor god, God will provide for them from his bounty: Gods bounty is infinite and he is all knowing2†³. It is Muhammad’s Job to preach these messages to the Islamic community in the hope that followers will listen to Gods message. Through that verse the message is clear that god wants men and woman to marry, but through marriage comes stability and maturity. It is evident that he wants people to marry so they aren’t idle all the time and so they won’t cause trouble in the community. Simarily in verse 24:33, â€Å"those who are unable to marry should keep chaste until God gives them enough out of his bounty. If any of your slaves wish to pay for their freedom, make a contract with them, and give them some of the wealth that God has given you. Do not force your slave girls into prostitution, when they themselves wish to remain honourable, in your quest for short term gains of this world, although, if they are forced, God will be forgiving and merciful to them3†³. This verse relates a lot to the career of Muhammad from when he grew up in Mecca. During this time, tribes had a lot of slaves working for them and they were usually mistreated. Prostitution was a way tor young woman getting through lite as they could not get married. Muhammad sends a strong message in this text as he tries to preach to the owners of the slaves that it is against Gods teachings that this sort of behaviour should happen in this religion. This is a very smart message from Allah as it encourages people to marry and decreases the chances of trouble and violence by the Islamic followers. Muhammad is Allah’s messenger and it is shown throughout the passage that he wants to keep the community together by reinforcing the values rom the place (Mecca) they came from. Muhammad was born and raised in Mecca but moved to Medina. This sura relates a lot to the career of Muhammad as he brought followers to Medina when he moved. These were the people who emigrated in God’s way. At that time there were a lot of tribal wars happening due to divisions imposed by leaders. Muhammad was part of the Banu Hashim tribe and according to (Cook, 2000) â€Å"the rival tribe Banu Abd Shams imposed a boycott which the pagans for some two or three years refused intermarriage or commercial dealings with the Banu Hashim’s until such time as they came to their senses in the matter of Muhammad4†³. However many members of these groups converted to Muhammad’s religion. It is important to note that in this sura, the message is very clear to Muhammad’s converts that there are laws to follow if you want to be part of the religion. I think it shows that Muhammad’s past is evident in this passage by his teaching. Another important piece of information highlighted throughout the Sura is to do with the one God phenomenon. It is repeated time and time throughout the Sura that â€Å"God is of all nowing and doing†. This is important to the career of Muhammad as he had to preach this to his followers on a daily basis that there is one God and he is all knowing of your good and wrong doings. This small but clever piece of writing made sure that the message of this Sura was clearly shown, as Muhammad’s followers would realise that God can see all your wrong doings which would permit them from thinking of committing a wrong deed as writing at the end of the Sura, verse 24: 64, â€Å"God has full knowledge of everything5†. It is very clear from above that the career of Muhammad is evident throughout the Sura by the teachings relating back to the prophets past. In this Sura, Muhammad is preaching about how to become a good Islamic follower and the punishments that will happen if followers lean away from the laws. How to cite Sura light, Papers

Mediation of Lady Gaga free essay sample

Creativity and Precariousness Alvina Azaria MA Creative and Cultural Entrepreneurship Media and Communication Pathway 1/17/2011 Question: Do objects in the culture industry have a life of their own? Discuss the mediation of things argument from Lash and Lury by following the life of a particular object. Test the method by evaluating it in relationship to other theoretical approaches to the object. Introduction This essay unpacks the life of cultural objects based on Scott Lash and Celia Lury’s argument in the book of Global Culture Industry: The Mediation of Things. It draws on a set of case studies of a current phenomenon in music and culture, Lady Gaga, using the framework of The Global Culture Industry. Lady Gaga has only been in the spotlight since she first appeared on the television in 2008. Since then, she has been gaining her fans from all over the world. She is seen as a brand that has a global flow of movement. The theory is tested by being compared to other writers’ view on social objects, which includes Karin-Knorr Cetina (2002), Appandurai (1986), Deleuze (1994), World Industry of Information Culture industry was the term that first mentioned by Adorno and Horkheimer in Dialectic of Enlightment (1947), which has been the main reference to the critical theories. However, in the glorious era of ‘dot. com’ and social network such as blogs, twitter and facebook, the relevance of the theory is questioned by contemporary theorists. One of the critiques is elaborated in Lash and Lury’s Global Culture Industry: The Mediation of Things. The book is driven by the concern of the implementation of Adorno and Horkheimers’ Cultural Industries in the global media age. The main argument of the book is culture has taken on another different logic with the transition from culture industry, ‘that globalization has given culture industry a fundamentally different mode of operation’ (Lash Lury, 2007: 3). The view of the objects is rather metaphysical than dialectic. Since the emergence of information industry and the global communication system, culture has been seen in different perspectives. The second half of 1990’s was marked with the 2 boost of globalization of the information economy and the rise of cyberspace. The academic studies were followed by business and management analysis with the emphasis on non tangible assets. In this ‘regime of signification’, signalling ‘not simply a shift to a new mode of producing and circulating signs (cultural commoditization), but an alteration in the very relation between culture and economy’ (Wernick, 1991 in Grainge, 2008). In the nature of capitalism, brands were one of the non tangible assets that have been gaining attention from the world. As Lash and Urry pointed, culture industry is a branded circulating intellectual property (Lash Urry, Economies of Signs and Space, 1994). Moreover, the reproduction process is reassuring the sign value (Grainge, 2008). Lash and Lury argues that global culture industry of operates through brands. Anthropologically, culture is seen as ‘the signifying system through which necessarily (though among other means) a social order is communicated, reproduced, experienced, and explored’ (Williams, 1981: 13). Because culture is the main object of the study, signs and text are the analyzed rather than the objective process that is emphasized in ‘political economy’ (Du Gay, 1997; Hesmondaghl, 2007). There is also ‘culturalization of economic life,’ where ‘contemporary capitalism was marked by a degree of reflexive accumulation in economic life, that included a new degree of aesthetic reflexivity in the spheres of both production and consumption, as capitalist reflexivity in the spheres of both production and consumption, as capitalist production became increasingly design-intensive and oriented toward niche consumer markets’ (Lash and Urry, 1994 in Flew, 2005). In this sense, culture has been industrialized. Hesmondaghl (2008) defines culture industries as a sector or a linked production system which involved in the production of social meaning and deal primarily with industrial production and circulation of texts. The essay will focus on linking a music brand with performing arts, fashion, publishing, and video games. 3 In spite of its multi-billion dollars success, the singular form phrase ‘culture industry’ was first identified by German scholars Adorno and Horkheimer in Dialectic of Enlightment (1947) to show the negative side of the information manufacture. The book probes how the culture industry manipulates its consumers through mass media for ‘the interest of financial profitability of corporate oligopoly’ (Lash Lury, 2007: 3). Human beings become dependent on it and the industry legitimates the power of cultural producer or elitists (Adorno, 1997). At the time the book was written, culture was still in the realm of superstructure, where domination and resistance through ideology, symbols, and representation. Nevertheless, Lash and Lury believe that some of the process no longer exists with the situation in global culture industry era. Images and other cultural forms are thingified, not in the superstructure, but in the materiality of infrastructure, dominating ‘both the economy and experience in everyday life’. Instead of circulating as identical objects, cultural entities have the dynamics of their own and move as if it is by accident and unintended. The form of the objects is not static as an atom and determined by the intentions of their producers (top down). Biopower in Cultural Entities One of the arguments of Global Culture Industry is that the industry is animated (Lash and Lury, 2007: 21). In the logic of ‘singularities’, cultural objects ‘move and changed through transposition and translation, transformation and transmogrification’ (Lash Lury, 2007: 5). Translation is ‘an organizational process in which the product moves in a linear, sequential fashion as a short story to a book, a film, video television and so on’ (Lash Lury, 2007: 25). Authorship, creativity, regional or national culture are understood as the result of integrity of an artistic work related to others. By transposition, Lash and Lury mean the intensive features of the 4 object that enables movement, rather than any kind of aesthetic integrity. The movement of transposition is characterized by multiplicity, intensive, associate series of events, merchandise promotion, and publicity. Organized in part by the laws of trademark and passing off, transposition defined by territorial boundaries from multiple origins. It also can be seen as a zone of identity in order to sell products (Becket, 1998, in Lash and Lury, 2007:25). Meanwhile, is an activity to change into a different shape or form, especially one that is fantastic or bizarre (Menheim, 2010). The objects are viewed as ‘a product of normative or instrumental rational action (mediated by a set of internalized habits and expectations) in the first, and as an outcome of social interaction in the latter’ (Leschziner, 2005). Cultural objects are seen as monads that live in different forms by a trace with a memory complex. Unlike commodities by Adorno and Horkheimer that are seen as atoms, monads are self-energizing have their own lives. They are living in microstructures. This culture of circulation is not anymore determined by the producers as Adorno and Horkheimer stated. The value is added in this movement or self-modification throughout the range of spaces. Therefore, the indeterminacy process of production and consumption are the matter of the ‘construction of difference’. This logic of difference is where brand, one of the cultural objects (Lury, 2004), work, and circulate. The embedding of social meanings and relations in physical world constitutes a social ‘morphology’, a spacial arrangement of material objects that constitutes the landscapes, settlements, and technologies to which human actions relate. This book’s argument is in the flow of the objects’ movements, media becomes things, and things can transform into media. Argument is nuanced chapters ma pping the biographies of seven ‘cultural objects’, which are four media that becomes things, such as Toy Story and 5 Wallace and Gromit; and three things that become media: Euro ‘96, Nike, Swatch. The analysis was drawn from a number of different points of view, which are anthropology, science and technology, media theory, biography, multiplicity, and economic sociology. The theory has a number of influences, including Appadurai on how it traces the objects by following them; Deleuze in relating the objects to one another; and Karinn Knorr Catina in the logic of the space of the objects, in microstructures or networks. Brand Has Risen As mentioned before, brand plays a key role in today’s global culture industry. ‘Culture is driven by imagination’ (Tuan, 1998). Within the growing critical literature on brands, the cultural work of logos, signs and trademarks has often been read symptomatically, an aspect of the thickening hegemony of global capitalism and of the social disjunction represented in the production and promotion of goods. Brands have lives of its own that actualize themselves. It flows from brand’s memory, that is ‘brand identity’. A range of series of goods or commodity generates a brand with diversification of products. According to Lash and Lury, Brand experience can be seen as a feeling of intensity. Objects are not always something that can be seen or touch physically. Unlike most natural scientists, social scientists including Lash and Lury refer objects as something that is in the imaginary world. In the new economy, brands are living on the thin air (Leadbeater, 1999; Simmel, 1978) sees ‘economic objects’ that pure desire and immediate enjoyment. Branding has been linked to structural changes, or intensifications, in the basis of consumer culture, which is especially associated with the move from Fordism to post-Fordism in the last third of the twentieth century. As a critical label, Fordism describes a mode of production based around the factory, the rationalization of labour and the standardization of goods (Grainge, 2008). 6 Although both can be sources of power, Lash and Lury differentiate the brand and commodity. Commodities works through a mechanistic principle of identity, brands through the animated production of difference’ (Fraser et al, in Lash and Lury, 2007: 7). However, Appandurai defines commodity ‘as a situation in social life of any ‘thing’ be defined as the situation in which its exchangeability (past, present, or future) for some other thing is its socially relevant feature’ (Appadurai, 1986). The summary is shown on the table below. Variable Logic Exchange value Production role Valued by History Set of relations with others Life Quantity Determinancy Production Works through Consumption Commodity Identity Money Produced as products Exchange for quantity, use value for quality No No Dead Singular Determined Labour-intensive Reproduction of identity Generalized Fordist consumption Use value: concrete singularity, qualities of product Exchange value (as commodity): homogeneity Brand Difference Not exchanged except for capital markets Source of production Expected future profits and difference Yes Yes Alive Series of goods Indetermined Design-intensive More production difference Specialized consumption Values Sign value: qualities of experience Table 1 Commodity versus Brand Methodology This essay uses the method of Global Culture Industry by following the life of Lady Gaga 7 with a biography. Lady Gaga is seen as a thing, ‘the internal organization of the object itself’ (Lash and Lury, 2007). Although she is a living human, she is a singular, manufactured brand (Gaffney, 2010) which makes her a cultural object. She is no just a pop music singer, she other values behind her. There are several people who shape Lady Gaga, including herself who has a major influence on the brand. The objects are followed by getting as much of information in many places and time from as many points of view as possible (Lash and Lury, 2007: 20). Literature reviews from various articles and research about Lady Gaga are used to reach comprehensiveness and the richness of data; and also to show intersubjectivity. In the book, Lash and Lury uses interviews to support the biography. This essay uses the interviews that are done in the multiple sources. In this biography, writer also incorporates other theorists’ views to the objects in the biography in order to test Lash and Lury’s method on the specific situations, time, and space. This essay will look at the objects with theoretical approaches by Karin-Knorr Cetina, Appandurai, Deleuze, and Heath and Potter; and Beer and Burrows. The biography is structured in three parts: the most recent development which the object enters to a flow; the structure of the industry; the beginning of the cultural object as a thing. Biography: From Germanotta to Gaga ‘I am my music; I am my art; I am my creativity’ (Gaga in Robinson, 2010) ‘She isnt a pop act, she is a performance artist. She herself is the art. She is the sculpture’. Lauper, 2010). Lady Gaga is one of the most successful acts in popular music industry in the last decade. ‘There is no denying it. Lady Gaga is one huge global brand. In fact, the money-making machine that is Lady Gaga is predicted to earn more than $100 million in 2011’ (Daily Mail, 2011). She has 8 been gaining her fans from all over the world, whom she refers as ‘little monsters’. With combining performance, she and her image have been shifting in different kinds of movement, adding her values in the eyes of the world. By the end of 2010, she became of one the most influential people of the year (Time, 2010) and her album The Fame Monster was the biggest selling album of 2010, sold 5. 8 million copies across the globe (United World Chart, 2010). Gaga also becomes brand extensions to products. Her breadth of brand can be determined from ‘social-networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter (Time, 2010). On 13 January 2011, she has 800 million views on YouTube, twelve million fans on Facebook, and 7593466 followers on Twitter. There are 99,800,000 results are found when the name ‘Lady Gaga’ is typed on Google search engine (January 2011). Animation is drawn in the flow of movement of Lady Gaga. Norman Klein (1993) defines animation as a sense of perception that is culturally informed and social imaginary of shape-shifting possibility or metamorphosis. In this case, Lady Gaga is literally animated and transmogrify to comic cartoon parody. The cartoon below represent the relationship between the PR executive and Lady Gaga. It shows relationship of the lyrics of ‘Alejandro’ and ‘Telephone’. Klein suggests it comes from a memory in a printed page. The image of Lady Gaga comes from a perspective of her in ‘Telephone’ video. 9 Figure 1 The cartoon parody by Pocketcookie. et (2010) Other online games use Lady Gaga’s figure as their objects to be transmogrified, for instance Make-Up Game Lady Gaga, Dress Up Lady Gaga, and The PokerIsland Quest. On March 2010, Harmonix and MTV Games announced that a video game Rock Band is including four songs by Lady Gaga. ‘Bad Romance, â₠¬ËœJust dance’, ‘Monster’, Poker Face’ are available on Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3 system (MTV Games, 2010). Similar act was also done On June 2010 by DJ Hero 2 (Coby, 2010). Tapolous, music game software developer for Apple (IPhone, IPod Touch, IPad gadgets) use 13 songs by Lady Gaga for Tap Tap Revenge and Tap Tap Radiaton. The songs are sold on Apple Store online. As a cultural object, Gaga’s music is transformed and transmogrified into video games. 10 Figure 2 Lady Gaga Pokerisland Quest inspired by Poker Face song Source: ladygagagame. com The object, Lady Gaga, has become media. It is in the system of and enters to a flow that is consumed by the audience or consumer. Media are surfaces or waves or spaces or signals in which various contents may be communicated. In this case, Lady Gaga, as virtual object, a thing, is mediated. The thing itself is constructed, coordinated, organized and integrated. She is in the commodity situation in social life (Appandurai, 1986) where she, as a ‘thing’ be defined as ‘the situation in which its exchangibility (past, present, future) for some other thing is its socially relevant feature’. That is, Lady Gaga is mediated to a manufactured personality (Paglia, 2010). 11 Figure 3 Virgin mobile product placement on ‘Telephone’ music video, 2010 Source: (Pocket-Lint, 2010) ‘Celebrity is instrumental in the creation of affective economies’ (Vellar, 2010). Her prominent identity is used by other brands to promote their range of products. Her videos are one of the media to promote a brand. In 2009, Lady Gaga’s music video was used to endorse the Casio Baby-G line. ‘Two new music videos are part of the promotion. The bright yellow BG5602-9 gets prominently featured in one of them. Eh Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say) and Love Game’ (Riley, 2009). In her music video collaborated with Beyonce, there are also products placements of Virgin Mobile and also Polaroid (Phones Review, 2010). Entering 2010, Android commercial in Japan used her Poker Face’ tunes. Gaga’s music translated in the musical series, Glee (2010). Because of her avant-garde and out-of this world style, fashion is closely linked with Lady Gaga. She had brand extension to create series of products. Her image is commoditized. In September 2009, Lady Gaga designed a series of Dr. Dre’s Heartbeats earphones which made appearance on her ‘Bad Romance’ video. In Spring 2010, cosmetic line MAC joined her with Cyndi Lauper for Viva Glam Campaign. Meanwhile, Lady Gaga and Polaroid collaborated to 12 release a line of products Polaroid Grey Label in 2011. It translates ‘Lady Gagas mission to deliver products that enable creativity for all, celebrate artistry and make sharing instantaneous across the physical and digital’ (Polaroid , 2011). Lately, the singer is developing the perfume to be launched in April 2012 with Coty. (Michaels, 2010). Figure 4 Red Heartbeat earphones designed by Lady Gaga Source: (Espina, 2009) The set of Gaga objects has been also transmogrified and translated by other artists and entrepreneurs in creating the products. In February 2010, Designer Lu Wei Kang, from Beijing, has spent months recreating Lady Gagas wardrobe in miniature for his Barbie doll collection. ‘The 29-year-old, from Beijing, China, now hopes to mass produce the clothes and sell them worldwide’ (Solent News, 2010). Veik also made similar products with various style of Gaga. Products like hair bow-tie, make up, sunglasses, dvd, biography books, t-shirts, keychain, masks, are included in the list of products that are sold worldwide inspired by the artists. Some of them are sold by the official merchandiser, label, or publicist. The rest are made by fans or 13 entrepreneurs who grasp the Gaga value and turn it into products to be sold. Masks, make up, and bow tie are nothing if it is not signified by a signifier (Saussure, 1966). In this case the symbol of Lady Gaga is infiltrated in the products or objects. As Karin Knorr Cetina (2002) stresses, ‘there are emergent global microstructures like new markets. There are, instead, branded global hierarchies that expand through global horizontal integration and even vertical integration to the point of sale. These are not networks’. These products come from various places and time in global territory. The online merchandise official store is developed by Bravado which is a merchandising company that specializes in making products that support the brand. The hierarchy is there, with the label and publicist on the top, hiring Bravado. The company has their own system with designers and factory, and it distributes the products through the internet, stores, and on the concerts venues. There are also products like Barbie dolls and make-up artists who are self employed to make their own products and services. Social structures are produced and reproduced in interaction and they are subject to constant transformation as individuals innovate and improvise under the given conditions inherited from the past’ (Beer Burrows, 2010). Figure 5 A Pose of Lady Gaga doll taken from her ‘Bad Romance’ made by Veik Source: (Flickr, 2010) 14 ‘I’m a free bi*ch, baby! ’ is a phrase on her songs ‘Bad Romance’ and ‘Dance in the Dark’ lyric. It is how she makes her self different. The line has been through some repetition (Deleuze, 1994) become the stabilization of the brand. It becomes a tagline or slogan that builds her brand image (Jarowsky, 1986) of her. The line was also said during her performance on UK X Factor 2009, Brit Awards 2010 and also all of her performance during her world tour. Her fans view it as, ‘she doesnt care what people say. She doesnt believe when people tell her shes not good enough, or cant play well enough, or cant sing well enough, or dance well enough, or cant wear that, or cant do that shes FREE. No limits! Like a bird! ’ (Vixen, 2010). ‘I dont feel that I look like the other perfect little pop singers. I think I look new. I think Im changing what people think is sexy. ’ (Lady Gaga in Paglia, 2010). She shows her eccentric style every time she appears in public, even on the most casual event. She has been seen in a telephone and lobsters hat and meat dress. A year from now, I could go away, and people might say, ‘Gosh, whatever happened to that girl who never wore pants? ’ But how wonderfully memorable 30 years from now, when they say, ‘Do you remember Gaga and her bubbles? ’ Because, for a minute, everybody in that room will forget every sad, painful thing in their lives, and they’ll just live in my bubble world. ’ (Lady Gaga in Weiner, 2010). . 15 Figure 6 Slogan for Gaga on Toto Bag Merchandise Source: Lady Gaga Official Website (2010) As a thing, Lady Gaga enters to a system that generates the actual form of her appearance and image. The production of Lady Gaga is design-intensive. Her persona has been co-created with a team called Haus of Gaga. ‘ I have a small bunch of really creative people who make up the Haus and they work with me on my sets, my costumes, my jewelry and the concept of Gaga. It’s my team and we come up with crazy ideas and make them happen. I do make a lot of money, but I don’t want to own flash cars; I want to make Lady Gaga the biggest star in the world, and that takes a lot of work and creativity’ (Lady Gaga, July 2010). It is a creative team modeled on Andy Warhol’s Factory that collaborates with her to create clothing, stage sets, and sounds. Lead by Matthew Williams and stylist Nicola Formichetti, Haus of Gaga has a huge role in the construction of Gaga. It has been also said that other artists have used her recipe of success with applying similar appearance. Christina Aguilera, Kesha, Ketty Perry and Nicki Minaj are seen using the similar style as Gaga (Caramanuca, 2010). It means that the image of Gaga has also been translated into the form of other artists. 16 Figure 7 Meat dress on the cover of Vogue Japan magazine In the web world, Think Tank Marketing helps on seizure of the Twitter crown. The digital marketing companys Website says ‘in the digital age too many brands struggle to find their way through new terrain’ (Kusisto, 2010). Twitter is now a media to introduce promote her upcoming album ‘Born This Way’ that is planned to be launched on May 23rd 2011 with the first single to be released on 13 February this year. Twitter and Facebook profiles are written in first person and are performance of Gaga’s true interior state of being her support to LGBT rights. Gaga? support to the gay community is an important part of her celebrity persona and because of that she became a gay icon. Through the new technology, it is possible for the consumer to promote the artist to another consumer (Vellar, 2010). It is done through the social networks. This shows another micro-structure (Cetina Bruegger, 2002). 17 Even though everybody calls her with her stage name, Lady Gaga was not her first identity. She was born in New York, USA, as Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on 28 March 1986. ‘Lady Gaga is my name. If you know me, and you call me Stefani, you dont really know me at all. ’ (Lady Gaga in Weiner, 2010). The name was inspired by Queen’s Song ‘Radio Gaga’, mentioned by Rob Fusari. The name was a result of a marketing meeting to brand her (Callahan, 2010). When Gaga was still under the name of Stefani Germanotta, she has a different style with brunette hair. Because of the transformation, the name has added a sign value to her. In March 2010, Lady Gaga was sued by the ex-producer sued for $30 million, claiming he came up with her stage name and co-wrote some of her hit songs. It shows that, other than tours and records, the brand ‘Lady Gaga’ has exchange value in form of the royalty of intellectual property. The name has an exchange value of $30 million. Nevertheless, five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuit. It is shown that Gaga’s music production appear as networks (Currid, 2007), and also bigger structure. In March 2006, she performed on a show with Stefani Germanotta Band perform at the Cutting Room in New York. Music producer Wendy Starland saw the performance and referred Stephanie to Rob Fusari, a producer and song writer who has worked with stars like Destiny’s Child. Though they reportedly had an oral agreement to collaborate on songs and develop Gaga together, Starland claims she was cut out of the deal in May 2006 when Fusari entered into an agreement to pursue a record contract for Gaga. In 2007, Gaga started to collaborate with D. J. Lady Starlight, a personal acquaintance of her. The duo to perform at downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall, their show called ‘Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue’, considered as ‘The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow’. Their frequent collaboration formed her Gaga image.. In August 2007, 8 Gaga and Starlight were invited to play at the American Lollapalooza music festival, where they gained positive reviews. Gaga was then found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music. This is the first step when ‘culture escapes the register of repr esentation to reconstitute itself in register of things’ (Lash and Lury, 2007:181). Fusari shoows the songs he produced with Gaga to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert. He works for Streamline record, an imprint of Interscope Records, owned by Universal Music Group. Herbert was quick to sign her to his label. She was then hired to be a songwriter at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV (Harding, 2009). Britney Spears, New Kids On the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls was included in the list of artists that used her song. Music artist/entrepreneur Akon identified her talent and he had an agreement with Interscope-Greffen-AM Chairman and CEO Jimmy Lovine to sign Gaga with Akon’s label Kon Live Distribution. She was introduced to D. J. Matt Williams, who later became the creative director of the Haus of Gaga. Williams, who shared a romantic relationship with Gaga, began to design her album covers and her apparel. Williams stated that the appearence of Gaga makes it possible for the younger generation to access art. ‘Theres just been a hunger for something new and different on a mass scale; its been so bland for the aps few years’ (Williams in Robinson, 2010). She was also had supports from gay community. Gaga entered the mainstream popular music industry when the music charts are dominated by popular female artists, such as Rihanna, Beyonce and Alicia Keys. However Lady Gaga brings a different culture or counter culture (Roszak, 1968) to the bigger audience. She comes as a free-spirited pop star who ignores the society pressure of conformity. She appears not 19 in the mainstream way to be beautiful and sexy like other pop stars in the industry at that time. Judy McGrath, C. E. O, MTV networks, views Gaga, ‘She reminds me of all the great pop women who have preceded her, and, at the same time, none of them. Pop tends to mow through people quickly, but Gaga is still at the beginning of where she is going’ (McGrath in Robinson, 2010). Heath and Joseph (2005) explain how the counter culture became consumer culture. Consumer consciousness is seen as a form of manufactured conformity, the search of distinction is driving consumer capitalism. Thus, ‘stylistic rebellion feeds the needs by creating a whole new set of positional goods for these new ‘rebel consumers’ to compete for’ (Heath Potter, 2005). This is when the logic of difference. The cultural object generates a series of actual forms, from music to album translated into videos, that are sold. Just Dance’ was released to radio and television in April 2008 and gained a reputation in club scene. It is followed by Gaga’s debut album The Fame in August that year. In the same month, the song entered Billboard 100 singles chart. It was reviewed by critiques in various types of media, social networks (facebook, my space, twitter, youtube), web site, blogs, radio, television through interviews, music video, and performances. The album was distributed by the chain of Universal Music Group, the largest global record label. It is sold digitally on ITunes and amazon. om downloads, cellular telephone ringtones, and also with compact discs through record stores. The album and single sales reached the top position in United Kingdom, Canada, Austria, Germany, Switerland, although it did Internationally, the song first entered Sweden, and then Canada, finally the rest of the world (Robinson, 2010). By May 2008, the song was the number one on ITunes Dance chart. She then launched ‘Poker Face’ that was ‘even larger hit, topping singles charts across the board with its combination of pop melodism and club-worthy production’ (Birchmeier, 2009). Both songs has gone quadruple 20 platinum for sales of four million copies. Three more singles were launched after that, which are ‘Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)’, ‘Love Game’, and ‘Paparazzi’ that received high positions on global charts. By August 2010, ‘The Fame’ was sold more than twelve million copies. On November 2009, the record company reissued The Fame along with eight song in a deluxe edition Extended Play (EP), The Fame Monster. The first single of the EP is an international hits, ‘Bad Romance’, which was released on October 15, 2009. Alexander McQueen’s design and iconic ballet pointed high heels in the video. It was premiered at the designers show at the Paris Fashion Week in October 2009. It can be seen as a relation of things. Despite the controversial lyric and video that’s shows a dead person, the video won seven of 10 nominations it received at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards.. The video has been nominated for a Grammy for Best Short Form Music Video. The song was 4. 33 million digitally sold, making her the first artist in digital history to have three singles to pass four millions sales. Gaga’s following single Alejandro is collaboration with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video. It was perceived similarly as controversial, critics complimented its idea and dark nature (Montgomery, 2010), but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her use of blasphemy (Catholic League, 2010). It was inspired by Gagas admiration of gay love. The music video portrays Gaga with a group of soldiers in a cabaret, dancing to the song. It is interspersed with scenes of Gaga as a nun swallowing a rosary and near-naked men, holding machine guns. The music video received various reviews, with critics complimenting its idea and dark nature, while the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her use of blasphemy, despite Klein dismissing the idea and claiming the scene in question (the swallowing of the Rosary beads) was Gagas desire to take in the Holy ‘Alejandro’. 21 From the series of her videos, it is shown that she exposes her controversial image and her relation with fashion in a repetition. The videos also feature intensive signs that is identified by Benjamin. The value of Gaga is at same time became more and less to different type sof people. Because people can view the videos for free on You Tube , Facebook, or on television, it is gift-value that is being exchanged in this case. Gaga may lose the gift-value on the religious organizations. However, she also gains values from the gay community because she represents them in public. Touring accomodates the shift toward vertical integration of aspects of music business. Thus, ‘recording, media dissemination, artist management, promotion, ticketing, merchandising, and so on had intensified’ (Starr Waterman, 2010). In other words, world tour can accelerate transposition. Gaga went on a world tour twice called ‘Fame Ball’ on 12 March until 29 September 2009 to 69 cities and ‘Monsters Ball’. Her theatrical performance are shown on the sets and videos. Gaga stated, I consider what I do to be more of an Andy Warhol concept: pop performance art, multimedia, fashion, technology, video, film. And its all coming together, and its going to be traveling museum show (Universal Music Group, 2009). Her second world tour, The Monster Ball started four days after the release of The Fame Monster. Being said as ‘the first-ever pop electro opera’, Gaga did 201 shows in cities across the globe. In North America, there was high demand for tickets. Live Nation Inc. to announce that Gaga will return to the U. S. in February 2011 and Semi Precious Weapons will continue on the road with Gaga until the Monster Ball ends (PR Newswire, 2010). According to the report, Gagas over-the-top spectacle grossed $133. 6 million over the course of 138 shows, most of which took place outside of North America (Vena, 2010). 22 She did multiple things with the similar concept to stabilize her brand. The tour became money maker. Besides merchandises and ticket sales, it is the media of promotion for Lady Gaga’s new album and also the opening act, Semi Precious Weapons. In the concert, the consumer, who is already a target market gains awareness of the band. The merchandise for the concert include, tote bags, glow bracelet, , posters and masks. Figure 9 Glow bracelet, The Fame Monster merchandise sold on the venue and online Source: Official Lady Gaga merchandiser (2011) In the concert she provides a fantasy of a spectacular world. What I’ve discovered is that in art, as in music, there’s a lot of truth-and then there’s a lie. The artist is essentially creating his work to make this lie a truth, but he slides it in amongst all the others. The tiny little lie is the moment I live for, my moment. It’s the moment that the audience falls in love. I dont even drink water onstage in front of anybody, because I want them to focus on the fantasy of the m usic. ’ (Lady Gaga in Weiner, 2010) Conclusion Drawing on Lash and Lury’s Global Culture Industry in the book titled ‘Global Culture Industry: 23 The Mediation of Things’ (2007), it can be concluded that cultural objects have their own lives as virtual objects. The overall purpose of this essay is to give explanation about the theory and apply it to contemporary social phenomenon, which is in this case Lady Gaga. By following the life of Lady Gaga and Music artist Lady Gaga can be seen as a thing that appear as a singular dynamic brand. Combining the Global Culture Industry and other theoretical views including from Karin-Knorr Cetina (2002), Appandurai (1986), Deleuze (1994), it is shown that the object have a flow of movement that can be summarized in three steps. The first step is when the culture represent itself to become a ‘thing’ that has difference element. It has intrinsic values to be exchanged as a commodity. In this case, the invention of Lady Gaga image (theatrical performance, dare to be different). Then, the ‘thing’ enters to a system of micro-structures that forms the thing, which are Haus of Gaga, and also the record company and the mainstream music industry itself. It goes in repetitions that makes it a stabilized global brand. The last stage is when the thing become media. The system and actual forms goes into flows and consumed by public.